AIR BREAK Journal Nr. 2

In 2022, the project started the plantation of nearly two-thousands trees and shrubs and is growing a new urban forest in five selected areas of the city. This new vegetation is expected to contribute absorbing air pollutants, to mitigate heat-island phenomena, as well as to overall benefit urban drainage and to enhance the environmental and landscaping quality of the city. Furthermore, in this reforestation action, Air-Break is also testing the TalYa© Trays: an innovative technology that collects and conveys dew towards the root system of plants, thus allowing a more efficient watering of the vegetation.
All the ca. 2000 plants had successfully being planted in the selected locations by March 2022, and all details on the features of the 5 reforestation sites may be found in my recent web article “An Urban Forest is Growing in Ferrara”. 
As the plantation and the installation of the TalYa trays have been completed, in July 2022 the University of Ferrara could start monitoring the impact and effectiveness of the trays, by deploying temperature and humidity sensors and a solar-powered data logger in the testbed area of Via Eridano / Tosano. The experiment aims at comparing the soil characteristics as well as the health and growth performance of a set of plants equipped with the trays, against a set of plants planted in a traditional way over the course of four seasons. The results of the study were originally expected for the end of summer 2023; however, the monitoring system had accidentally been damaged forcing the research team to re-install the sensors and therefore causing a few months delay to the experiment.
 

Participatory air-quality monitoring in Air-Break revolves around the installation of 14 second-level units and 50 first-level low-cost sensors. The formers are intended to provide an additional, more capillary layer of air-quality measurements, feed the city’s IoT server and ultimately contribute informing policy decisions. Additionally, the values gathered with these 14 units are also meant to be publicly shared through a dashboard currently under development. The latter, instead, are mostly conceived as an awareness-raising and educational tool for schools and volunteering citizens and stakeholders.
All details of this monitoring system are discussed in depth in my Zoom-In Nr. 1, while in this Journal I will focus on the status of- and challenges to implementation of this core component of the Air-Break project.
At the time of my writing (November 2022), Air-Break has managed significant progress in the first stage of this activity. The project completed the installation and activation of the 14 second-level units (LSA Units) which already started gathering data, as well as the participatory workshops for the assembly of the 50 low-cost sensors.
On the one hand, LSA Units have already started feeding data into the Municipality’s IoT Server and information are therefore already available and visible to the local administration on the city’s GIS platform. Nonetheless, these units adopt a different technology from the official monitoring stations by the regional environmental agency (ARPAE). LSA Units thus still need to be calibrated in order to ensure that their measurements are coherent with the official ones. To this extent, two LSA Units have been installed in the same location of two ARPAE official stations in order to allow the comparison and alignment of their measurements over the next months.

On the other hand, all the 50 low-cost sensors have been assembled during a series of learning-by-doing workshops carried out with high-schools between fall 2021 and summer 2022.

Twenty of these sensors have been allocated to local schools as a support tool for their educational activities. For the time being, and while awaiting the finalisation of the bureaucratic procedures for their installation on the schools’ outdoor premises, the sensors are being used indoors for testing and scientific experiments within the schools’ regular curriculum (biology, science). Additional 24 sensors will be distributed to local citizens, business owners, and associations that will be selected by means of an open call to become an Air Sentinel and adopt a sensor. These sensors will be installed outside (in the garden or courtyard, at about 1-2 meters in height from the ground) and they will automatically send the single measurements to the server of the Participatory Environmental Monitoring Network (RMAP) and from there the hourly averages will be transmitted to the servers of the Municipality of Ferrara. Lastly, 6 sensors are being kept for back up in case of need.
The second stage of this activity entails the public visualisation of the data gathered through the LSA Units. This will be done through an open dashboard geared to provide hourly updates on Ferrara’s air quality conditions on the basis of the newly created Air-Break Index. This new index is set to rank air-quality on a qualitative scale – from very-poor to very-good – by averaging the values of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, CO. 
From a technical point of view, the dashboard has been ready for several months already; however, its public deployment is still on hold due to a number of core challenges.
Air-quality monitoring methodologies, threshold values, and mandatory mitigation measures are regulated and managed at European and national, and regional levels. Such countermeasures often involve limitations to motorized traffic and buildings’ heating and are therefore a matter of high public sensitivity.
For this reason, it is crucial that there are no asymmetries between the official data gathered and published by the regional environmental agency (ARPAE), and those generated by Air-Break. In this respect, ARPAE raised concerns that mis-aligned data might generate confusion among the population and possibly delegitimize the official sources. Thereby, Air-Break is currently undergoing a thorough review process in order to validate the reliability of the data collected and the scientific soundness of the index, as well as to identify a suitable and unambiguous way to visualize air-quality data publicly. Accordingly, on the one hand the National Research Council (CNR) has been contracted to assess and validate the data collected by the LSA Units, while on the other hand, project partners are working on fine-tuning the way the Air-Break Index is calculated as well as on a new layout for the public dashboard, in order to avoid any possible ambiguity with official, city-level data by ARPAE. Progress in this sense is expected in early 2023.

Air-Break tackles mobility from two core standpoints. On the one hand, with a continued effort in monitoring commuting patterns and developing playful digital tools to trigger and reward more sustainable mobility behaviours. On the other hand, with the provision of innovative infrastructural upgrades to support green/light mobility.
Commuting Analysis & Behavioural Change Initiatives
In order to better understand the commuting practices, habits, and trends of Ferrara’s citizens and city-users, and ultimately to inform policy decisions, the project conducted a thorough analysis of mobile phone data provided by Vodafone. The analysis has been carried comparing data from four specific weeks in 2021 with the same 4 weeks in 2019 (pre pandemic): 
•    End July early August 
•    September, start of schools
•    October, attractive events in town
•    November, business as usual, no extra or peculiar activities or peaks
Overall, what emerged is that tourist flows have been rather unchanged in the two periods, while workers’ commuting patterns have been significantly altered, most likely by the new remote practices emerged during the pandemic. In more detail, the study allowed to identify the location and causes of traffic peaks throughout the day/week; to highlight workers’ top commuting axis and destinations in town; as well as the main origins of commuting flows and means of transportations. With these information, then, the project may assess the efficiency of road axis and the suitability of the public transportation offer in comparison with the actual demand and need of citizens and city-users, and ultimately orient the city’s policy decisions and objectives. In this sense, indeed, the city is set to open a set of working tables with companies’ mobility managers, as well as with local and regional-level mobility agencies to co-design more sustainable and demand-oriented public transit offers.

Beyond analysing commuting patterns, Air-Break also deployed a set of behavioural change initiatives and campaigns towards more sustainable individual mobility choices: BIKE2WORK; Ferrara Play&Go; and Kids Go Green.
“BIKE2WORK provides incentives for sustainable mobility through an economic contribution for workers committed to using bicycles for home-to-work trips. Employees of participating companies are rewarded for their home-to-work trips by bike with economic incentives in their pay checks (0.20 C per Km, max 50 C per month, max 20 km per day). Mobility managers and employees are supported by a software platform and a mobile app, and the overall campaign participation is supported by a specific life–cycle” (Bucchiarone et.al, 2022)  as shown in Figure 4.
In terms of achievements, since May 2021, BIKE2WORK managed to involve 584 employees from 58 companies, which completed 42.973 bike journeys for a total of 160.160 kilometers.

“Ferrara Play&Go2 is a long-running gamified urban mobility campaign promoting voluntary travel behaviour change. In Play&Go, players exploit a mobile app to track their sustainable journeys, which are subjected to an automatic validation procedure and are rewarded with virtual points and allows the player to proceed in the competition. Play&Go combines standard game elements (e.g., points, badges, leader boards, real prizes) with personalized game content (i.e., single and multi-player, competitive and collaborative weekly challenges) that is tailored to the player’s profile and is specifically focused on encouraging and rewarding a positive change in the player behaviour” (Bucchiarone, Bassanelli, Marconi, 2022).
This campaign run between December 2021 and June 2022, counting 675 active players that travelled 160.000 kilometers over 38.310 trips.
 

“Kids Go Green involves the entire school community (children, teachers, and families) in a gameful educational journey to promote sustainable and active home-to-school mobility for primary and middle school age children. In Kids Go Green, the sustainable kilometres made by each child on their trips from home to school (e.g., on foot, by walking bus, by bike, with the school bus) contribute to the progress of the whole group of children on a virtual educational journey to places in the real world that is personalized according to the group interests and capabilities” (Bucchiarone, Bassanelli, Marconi, 2022).
In terms of result, during schoolyear 2021-2022, 185 pupils from 10 classes and 4 different schools participated in Kids Go Green and totalled 18.389 km, corresponding to a total of 7 virtual trips. 

Overall, in the last assessment of the three campaigns conducted in 2022 by Bruno Kessler Foundation “data show that each campaign reached the aim to change users’ behaviour and that the rewarding systems implemented played a crucial role in the realization of this goal” (Bucchiarone, Bassanelli, Marconi, 2022). These results suggest that awareness-raising alone might not be sufficient to determine substantial behavioural change. Hence, in the perspective of upscaling and mainstreaming the solution, it will be key to identify a rewarding strategy that is sustainable in the long run.

_{Bucchiarone, A., et. al, An End-to-End Solution for Enabling Urban Cyclability: The BIKE2WORK Experience. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, 2022}

_{Bucchiarone, A.; Bassanelli, S.; Marconi, A. How to Foster Eco-Sustainable Behaviors through Multi-Campaigns Rewarding Mechanisms: The Air Break Experience. Sustainability 2022}

Infrastructural Upgrades 

In terms of infrastructural upgrades, Air-Break is set to deploy four Smart-Hubs and do realise a new Smart Bike Lane connecting the Technological-Scientific Pole in the West of the city to Via Cavour through Via Mulinetto and Corso Isonzo. While all executive designs have been completed and approved, both investments have been severely affected either by the supply chain shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic, or by the energy crisis following the war in Ukraine.
The Smart-Hubs suffered delays in the supply of raw materials, especially for their electronic components (i.e., router; antennas; access points; photovoltaic panels), which have only been delivered in the last quarter of 2022. Project Partners are currently undergoing bureaucratic procedures before being able to proceed with the installation and activation of the hubs, tentatively in the first quarter of 2023.
The Smart Bike Lane, instead, suffered a sudden halt during summer 2022 in the wake of the energy crisis. While the executive designs were ready, and the procurement procedures completed, at the time of the contract signature, the selected supplier and owner of the patent for the mOOve® Modules, due to a dramatic increase in production costs – combined with a shortage in the supply of steel – acknowledged the impossibility to deliver the product within the timeframe and at price defined in the procurement procedure. Therefore, the procurement of the mOOve® Modules has been cancelled and the MUA and Project Partners had to find an alternative solution and to design in-house a new bike lane. At the time of my writing, the project is considering replacing the modular flooring with a more standard carpet made of recycled materials but directly deployed on the ground. Moreover, the bike counters and adaptive lightening systems originally foreseen to be embedded in the modular flooring will be replaced by smart cameras capable of providing the same functionalities. Due to this contingency, we report the missed opportunity of testing for the first time ever the mOOve® Modules in an urban context. Nevertheless, the fast reaction of the Project Partners to identify an alternative solution shows a remarkable capacity of resilience, creativity and innovation of the MUA and its project partners.

Overall, with the cease of the main restrictions to public gatherings previously imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Air-Break seized the opportunity to accomplish major achievements in the engagement of citizens and stakeholders at all levels, registering high level of participation in all activities organized with schools as well as in the gamification campaigns and in the roundtables and working groups on commuting. The second Air Fest (Festa dell’Aria) held in October 2022 crowned this success with the participation of over 400 people in a three-days of debates, roundtables, workshops, and site-visits.
Reforestation activities and the installation of the new air-quality monitoring units have been completed successfully. Challenges instead emerged on the one hand in the validation of the air-quality data gathered and elaborated by the project; and on the other hand, in the procurement and deployment of mobility infrastructural upgrades.